The Green Room

Erin Watson from Montreal, QC writes:

I live in an apartment and have a huge Rubbermaid container filled with vermicomposting worms and the most beautiful, rich looking compost you can imagine. My worms can transform 6 pounds of organic waste into compost in just one week. I then use this compost to feed my house plants. I often get little volunteer tomato or pepper plants, which I then transplant into their own pots and grow on my balcony in the summer! Eating those tomatoes is such a great reward!

A reader wrote:

Your compost tea is missing one KEY ingredient: oxygen.  In the anaerobic water environment it’s most likely you’ll create something that will kill your plants as that is the best way to create harmful bacteria, fungi, etc. The key to great compost tea is aeration. I use an aeration pump/filters used in fish tanks.

Lindsay responds:

The compost tea recipe we provided was definitely the anaerobic or non-aerated version. As you can imagine we have a wide audience out there, from those who have never gardened to master gardeners! Our intent was to provide the most basic and simple recipe, hence the "bucket-fermentation method" versus what some would consider the more complicated, ‘Bucket-blubbler method" or suggesting they purchase a commercial tea brewer.

From my reseach I found that the non-aerated version also has a function in the garden and compost tea can be as complex or as simple as you want to make it. Now that we’ve got people curious about compost tea, perhaps we’ll do another ‘level 2′ video, where we talk about aeration (like the a aquarium aerater), adding nitrogen via alfalfa pellets and adding sugar, like molasses.

Again, sources I found called this ‘Level 1" compost tea or the ‘bucket fermentation method". Stay tuned, as we hope to bring people along one small step at a time. I think your suggestion of highlighting the benefits of aeration when making compost tea are definitely worth exploring. In a future issue we can elaborate on Level 2, 3 and 4 types of tea which includes aerated teas.

City dwellers Ray and Vanessa from Burnaby, BC share thoughts on waste management:

My girlfriend and I live in a high-rise condo and have been diligently watching and separating all of our garbage materials that go down the garbage chute.

We send our organic waste to a friend’s house near-by for composting. We use the recycling bins for everything else. What’s left? The bulk of our waste is packaging. If we really look at what is going into our landfill, it is shocking how much non-biodegradable Styrofoam and hard plastic packaging is going into the earth.

We recently went to WalMart to pick up a bottle of air mattress repair. We purchased the bottle, went out to our truck and opened the package, took out the 1 1/4" high by 3/4" wide glass bottle, repaired the mattress, then proceeded to throw the 12" x 6" clear, hard plastic package into the WalMart garbage can.

A glance into the garbage can - and our consciences - told us that what we just chucked in there would end up in the landfill. Are consumers solely responsible for this situation? We feel we partially are, despite all the effort we make at home.

So, solutions we came up with:

1. Add organic waste bins to all apartment/condo recycling programs.

2. Make it the law that retailers and producers of harmful packaging be responsible for the waste created after the consumer takes the product home.

Debby Harris from Richmond, BC writes:

We are a Richmond, BC company that has been producing and selling guestroom amenities (toiletries) to upscale hotels, resorts, airlines and cruise ships for 20 years. We have been concerned about the environment for numerous years. In fact, in 1998 we developed and patented a compartmentalized recycling basket called the "Waste-Not-Basket" to drive guest recycling in hotel rooms. These are now sold to over 200 properties throughout North America.

More recently, we have been introduced to a new material called PSM (or Plastarch), a biodegradable product made from cornstarch resin. Today it is being produced for products such as shower caps, utensils, golf tees, garbage bags, toothbrushes, etc. However, we are concerned about its ability to biodegrade in landfills, and certainly don’t want to produce more methane gas or other noxious emissions than if we continued providing recyclable plastic bottles for our amenity programs.

Can you guide me to an authority on plastics who can give us the straight-goods on PSM and other biodegradable materials? We certainly want to contribute to improving our environment and value your opinions.

Lindsay replies:

Your business initiative to get hotels and others recycling sounds great. There are quite a few hotels that market themselves as "green" for this very reason. With respect to your question on bioplastics, it’s a good one, although not something the Foundation has researched. I can give you some information to get you started and then you’ll need to do a bunch more reading and asking around.

Issue 1: Using cornstarch or soy instead of petroleum to make plastic uses 3-4 times less Co2, and the production uses about 68% less fossil fuels.

Issue 2: Most bioplastic bags, containers, etc. won’t biodegrade under the conditions of a backyard composter. You’d have to quiz your supplier about this in detail. How biodegradable is it? How long does it take? Can people put it in their home composter or does it need to go to a specific facility? For instance, I’ve seen claims that one product that was 100% compostable and biodegradable breaks down within 3-6 months in a commercial composter or 4-5 months in a home composter. How long will they take to breakdown in a landfill is unknwon.

Issue 3: Cornstarch-based bioplastics can be made from GMO (Genetically Modified Organism). Half the corn grown in the U.S. is GMO. This is yet another layer.

It sounds like you need to find out how long these materials take to break down in a typical landfill, unless you’re certain they will go to a specific composting facility. Best of luck with your quest!

Ruth Tschannen, of the Cascadia Society for Social Working relates how they’ve turned the backyard of their centre into a productive vegetable garden using the principals of biodynamic gardening:

In the beginning of last century Rudolf Steiner introduced biodynamic preparations - a wonderful way of bringing back worn out soil. We’ve been doing this here for the last five years. Our composts are incredible within a short time. Birds and bees are abundant within our garden.

The biodynamic preparations are stirred at different times of the day. During summer it is Silica 501. In spring and fall it is Horn manure 500.

Our garden is going to be featured on the Natural Garden tour on Sept. 14th.  If people would be interested in dates for the stirring of the preparations please let me know (604)987-3407.

Anyone else have experience with this method? Here are a couple of websites to look at for more information:
http://www.perc.ca/PEN/1999-11/s-cleary.html
http://www.biodynamics.com/biodynamics.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture

Naomi sent in this question:

Our compost had rats so we had to get rid of it - how do I avoid this if we want to try composting again?

Here’s Lindsay’s response:

Rats you say? I’m assuming then that you’re in a city setting. Most municipalities have issued compost bins to avoid smart critters like crows, rats, raccoons and skunks from getting in. Check your municipal waste website and see how you can get one. They’re often about the size of a large garbage can, with small air holes, a locking lid and holes to peg it down.

Trouble shooting for rats would also mean that you want to make sure no cooked or meaty foods get into the compost. These are quite fragrant and tempting for critters like rats.

Also, you can add pet hair right to the compost. It’s supposed to give your bin that “predator” smell and keep the vermin away. I add my cat and dog hair from their brushes as well as dryer lint (it’s mostly pet hair) and haven’t had a problem with rats for three years here in Vancouver. And I do know they’re around. I’ve seen them with my own eyes scrambling my fence and trees!

Shawn W of Brooklin, Ontario writes:

I don’t claim to be the world’s greatest gardener although we have a nice spread in a rapidly growing suburb and my lawn and garden looks as good or better than most, with the exception that since we moved in over six years ago, absolutely no chemicals or pesticides have been used to get it to that state.

The big key has been using our own compost. We have one big composter in the back that we use daily for kitchen scraps, etc. What I have learned over the years is that the composter needs as many “browns” as you can feed it to keep cooking. Browns for us are often mulched leaves, shredded paper, straw, etc.

Our Zero Waste approach to gardening is to collect all of our gardens cuttings – branches, deadfall, leaves, dried out prairie grasses, etc and store it in an upright laundry hamper at the side of our house. It gets very dry and “brown”. The next time I cut the grass with our electric mower I run over the browns, bag it up as mulch and throw it on the composter. The only yard waste that goes into the yard waste recycling program are any weeds (and we have very few because our lawns and gardens are so healthy and drug free!!) In the spring, I can feel the heat coming off the compost that I turn once a week. I also bought two pounds of worms for my composter five years ago and their ancestors are still going strong eating away 12 months out of the year.

And don’t worry about composting in the winter. If you keep adding browns all year, the compost will keep cooking enough to not freeze up even after the past winter – one of the coldest in recent years.

We use the compost to start new plants (low water, low maintenance, native) and top dress existing ones. We also top dress our lawn with a trailer load of mushroom compost annually from a local yard to fortify the clay that our builder thought would suffice as a lawn. Triple mix is pretty much useless for this job in my opinion and peat moss is not a green alternative either!

So my advice to people is to stop throwing away their kitchen scraps and yard clippings. Turn them into beautiful black compost and get your lawn and gardens off drugs!!

Here’s Shawn’s lawn - gorgeous and drug-free since 2002!

Shawn’s entered his photo in David Suzuki Digs My Garden. Want to join him? It’s simple - go to http://www.davidsuzuki.org/NatureChallenge/GardenContest/ and sign up!